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Charging Lithium- Ion Batteries – Battery University. Find out how to prolong battery life by using correct charge methods. Charging and discharging batteries is a chemical reaction, but Li- ion is claimed to be the exception.

Table 2: Typical charge characteristics of lithium-ion. Adding full saturation at the set voltage boosts the capacity by about 10 percent but adds stress due to high. OwnTitle helps users to find where to watch their favorite movies and TV shows across the premium legal streaming service providers in one place.

Battery scientists talk about energies flowing in and out of the battery as part of ion movement between anode and cathode. This claim carries merits but if the scientists were totally right, then the battery would live forever. They blame capacity fade on ions getting trapped, but as with all battery systems, internal corrosion and other degenerative effects also known as parasitic reactions on the electrolyte and electrodes till play a role.

See BU- 8. 08b: What causes Li- ion to die?)The Li ion charger is a voltage- limiting device that has similarities to the lead acid system. The differences with Li- ion lie in a higher voltage per cell, tighter voltage tolerances and the absence of trickle or float charge at full charge. While lead acid offers some flexibility in terms of voltage cut off, manufacturers of Li- ion cells are very strict on the correct setting because Li- ion cannot accept overcharge. The so- called miracle charger that promises to prolong battery life and gain extra capacity with pulses and other gimmicks does not exist. Li- ion is a “clean” system and only takes what it can absorb.

Charging Cobalt- blended Li- ion. Li- ion with the traditional cathode materials of cobalt, nickel, manganese and aluminum typically charge to 4. V/cell. The tolerance is +/–5. V/cell. Some nickel- based varieties charge to 4. V/cell; high capacity Li- ion may go to 4. V/cell and higher.

Boosting the voltage increases capacity, but going beyond specification stresses the battery and compromises safety. Protection circuits built into the pack do not allow exceeding the set voltage. Figure 1 shows the voltage and current signature as lithium- ion passes through the stages for constant current and topping charge. Full charge is reached when the current decreases to between 3 and 5 percent of the Ah rating. Figure 1: Charge stages of lithium- ion. Li- ion is fully charged when the current drops to a set level. In lieu of trickle charge, some chargers apply a topping charge when the voltage drops. Courtesy of Cadex.

The advised charge rate of an Energy Cell is between 0. C and 1. C; the complete charge time is about 2–3 hours. Manufacturers of these cells recommend charging at 0. C or less to prolong battery life; however, most Power Cells can take a higher charge C- rate with little stress. Charge efficiency is about 9. Some Li- ion packs may experience a temperature rise of about 5ºC (9ºF) when reaching full charge. This could be due to the protection circuit and/or elevated internal resistance.

Discontinue using the battery or charger if the temperature rises more than 1. C (1. 8ºF) under moderate charging speeds.

Full charge occurs when the battery reaches the voltage threshold and the current drops to 3 percent of the rated current. A battery is also considered fully charged if the current levels off and cannot go down further.

Elevated self- discharge might be the cause of this condition. Increasing the charge current does not hasten the full- charge state by much. Although the battery reaches the voltage peak quicker, the saturation charge will take longer accordingly. With higher current, Stage 1 is shorter but the saturation during Stage 2 will take longer. A high current charge will, however, quickly fill the battery to about 7.

Li- ion does not need to be fully charged as is the case with lead acid, nor is it desirable to do so. In fact, it is better not to fully charge because a high voltage stresses the battery. Choosing a lower voltage threshold or eliminating the saturation charge altogether, prolongs battery life but this reduces the runtime.

Chargers for consumer products go for maximum capacity and cannot be adjusted; extended service life is perceived less important. Some lower- cost consumer chargers may use the simplified “charge- and- run” method that charges a lithium- ion battery in one hour or less without going to the Stage 2 saturation charge. Ready” appears when the battery reaches the voltage threshold at Stage 1. State- of- charge (So. Enemies Among Us Full Movie there. Back-Room Boy Full Movie on this page.

C) at this point is about 8. Certain industrial chargers set the charge voltage threshold lower on purpose to prolong battery life. Table 2 illustrates the estimated capacities when charged to different voltage thresholds with and without saturation charge. See also BU- 8. 08: How to Prolong Lithium- based Batteries.)Charge V/cell.

Capacity atcut- off voltage Charge time. Capacity with full saturation.

Table 2: Typical charge characteristics of lithium- ion. Adding full saturation at the set voltage boosts the capacity by about 1. When the battery is first put on charge, the voltage shoots up quickly. This behavior can be compared to lifting a weight with a rubber band, causing a lag. The capacity will eventually catch up when the battery is almost fully charged (Figure 3). This charge characteristic is typical of all batteries. The higher the charge current is, the larger the rubber- band effect will be. Cold temperatures or charging a cell with high internal resistance amplifies the effect.

Figure 3: Volts/capacity vs. The capacity trails the charge voltage like lifting a heavy weight with a rubber band. Courtesy of Cadex. Estimating So. C by reading the voltage of a charging battery is impractical; measuring the open circuit voltage (OCV) after the battery has rested for a few hours is a better indicator. As with all batteries, temperature affects the OCV, so does the active material of Li- ion. So. C of smartphones, laptops and other devices is estimated by coulomb counting.

See BU- 9. 03: How to Measure State- of- charge.)Li- ion cannot absorb overcharge. When fully charged, the charge current must be cut off. A continuous trickle charge would cause plating of metallic lithium and compromise safety. To minimize stress, keep the lithium- ion battery at the peak cut- off as short as possible. Once the charge is terminated, the battery voltage begins to drop.

This eases the voltage stress. Over time, the open circuit voltage will settle to between 3. V and 3. 9. 0V/cell.

Note that a Li- ion battery that has received a fully saturated charge will keep the voltage elevated for a longer than one that has not received a saturation charge. When lithium- ion batteries must be left in the charger for operational readiness, some chargers apply a brief topping charge to compensate for the small self- discharge the battery and its protective circuit consume. The charger may kick in when the open circuit voltage drops to 4. V/cell and turn off again at 4.

V/cell. Chargers made for operational readiness, or standby mode, often let the battery voltage drop to 4. V/cell and recharge to only 4.

V/cell instead of the full 4. V/cell. This reduces voltage- related stress and prolongs battery life. Some portable devices sit in a charge cradle in the ON position. The current drawn through the device is called the parasitic load and can distort the charge cycle.

Battery manufacturers advise against parasitic loads while charging because they induce mini- cycles. This cannot always be avoided and a laptop connected to the AC main is such a case. The battery might be charged to 4. V/cell and then discharged by the device. The stress level on the battery is high because the cycles occur at the high- voltage threshold, often also at elevated temperature. A portable device should be turned off during charge. This allows the battery to reach the set voltage threshold and current saturation point unhindered.

A parasitic load confuses the charger by depressing the battery voltage and preventing the current in the saturation stage to drop low enough by drawing a leakage current. A battery may be fully charged, but the prevailing conditions will prompt a continued charge, causing stress. Charging Non- cobalt- blended Li- ion.

A one- time freelance hitman who was just attempting to turn his life around is forced to keep his heart pumping when his vengeful former employers inject him with a lethal poison that will permanently stop his ticker if his pulse sinks beneath an active rate in a non- stop urban action extravaganza starring Jason Statham and Amy Smart. Chev Chelios (Statham) was one of the most skilled assassins in the West Coast crime syndicate. When he hung up his guns in the middle of a job to run off with his new girlfriend Eve (Smart), however, the man who was once the hunter now becomes the hunted. Awakened from his slumber by a telephone call informing him of his precarious situation, Chelios soon discovers that the only way to save Eve from certain death at the hands of his nemesis is to stay two steps ahead of his killers, keep his heart- rate high enough to stay alive, and blast through the streets of Los Angeles in search of an antidote. Jason Buchanan, Rovi. Rating: R (for strong violence, pervasive language, sexuality, nudity and drug use)Genre: Directed By: Written By: In Theaters: Sep 1, 2.

On Disc/Streaming: Jan 9, 2. Box Office: $2. 7,8. Runtime. 8. 7 minutes.